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Altering the seemingly inevitable path of many species extinctions will be difficult. 2014), and alterations of global physical processes, such as climate change (Moritz & Agudo 2013). 2011), overexploitation via local to global socioeconomic forces (Brashares et al. Species face increasing and potentially synergistic threats from land conversion leading to habitat loss and fragmentation (Rybicki & Hanski 2013), nonnative species invasions (Vilà et al. Continued individual-based monitoring is needed to guide future translocation decisions.īiodiversity loss is one of the most important global environmental and human problems today (Díaz et al. Our analysis of rhino distribution indicates that tsunamis are a significant risk to the species in Ujung Kulon, justifying the risks of establishing additional populations. We show that the 2013 global population of Javan rhinos was 62 individuals, which is likely near the site's carrying capacity. National park officials require such information to identify conservation strategies and track the success and failures of these efforts translocating selected individuals to establish a second population has been considered, but the risks must be weighed. Despite almost a century of studies, little is known about the factors that affect Javan rhino demography and distribution. The only remaining individuals live as part of a small population isolated in a single protected area, Ujung Kulon National Park, Java, Indonesia. The Javan rhino ( Rhinoceros sondaicus) is one of the most threatened mammals on Earth.